Editor
Kennedy Graham, a national of New Zealand, is Director of the Project for the Planetary Interest, a project supported by The Rockefeller Foundation and located in 1996-97 in the Global Security Programme, Cambridge University, England. He studied at Victoria University (Wellington) and Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy (Boston), and in 1995 was a Visiting Fellow at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Dr Graham served in the NZ foreign service for sixteen years, taught International Relations at Victoria University, and was for seven years Secretary-General of Parliamentarians for Global Action, New York. He is currently Director of Planning and Co-ordination at International IDEA (the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance), Stockholm. His earlier book was National Security Concepts of States: New Zealand (1989), and he has written extensively on issues of arms control and global security.
Contributors
Margaret Alva was India’s Minister for Human Resource Development in charge of women, children, youth and sports in the mid-1980s under Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. She was subsequently Minister for Personnel, Public Administration and Pensions. She remains a member of the upper chamber of the Indian Parliament, the Rajya Sabha, serving her fourth six-year term. She represents the Congress (I) Party of which she is a member of the National Co-ordination Committee. Ms Alva has been deeply involved in population planning and women’s rights issues, and has served on several UN and national committees.
Emma Bonino is European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid, Consumer Policy, and Fisheries. A national of Italy, she was elected three times to the European Parliament, and six times to the Italian Parliament, the Camera dei Deputati, representing the Partito Radicale.
Dante Caputo was Foreign Minister of Argentina in the Alfonsin Government, 1983-9. He was a member of the Camara de Diputados, the lower chamber of the Parliament of Argentina, representing the Radical Civic Union Party. Dr Caputo served in the early 1990s as Special UN Representative for Haiti, being responsible for the negotiations with the military junta for the return of President Bertrand Aristide to office. He was re-elected to the Parliament in 1997.
Naomi Chazan is a Deputy Speaker of the Israeli Parliament, the Knesset, representing the Meretz-Democratic Party. She is a member of the Education Committee, the Immigration Committee, and the Committee on the Status of Women, where she chairs the Sub-Committee on the Personal Status of Women. Professor Chazan is Vice President of the International Political Science Association and the Israel Chapter of the Society for International Development. She is active in a variety of professional, human rights and peace organizations, having co-founded the Israel Women’s Network, the Israel Women’s Peace Net, and The Jerusalem Link: A Women’s Joint Venture for Peace.
Toujan Faisal is the only woman member to have been elected to the lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, of the Majlis al-’Umma, the National Assembly of Jordan, where she represented the Circassian seat, 1993-7. Graduating in English from the University of Jordan, she has been a political columnist, presenter on Jordan Television, an adviser to the Ministry for Social Development, and Director of Cultural Programmes at the Noor Al-Hussayn Foundation. She has also been a member of the Executive Committee of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, Geneva.
Fabio Feldmann is a member of Brazil’s Parliament, the Camara dos Deputados, representing the Party of Brazilian Social Democracy (PSDB). Mr Feldmann was a practising lawyer in Sao Paulo and a leading environmentalist. As a member of the Parliament he played a major role in drafting the environmental sections of the new Brazilian constitution. He is also currently Secretary for the Environment of the State of Sao Paulo City.
Koji Kakizawa was Japan’s Foreign Minister in the Hata cabinet and before that Parliamentary Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Miyazawa cabinet. In the early 1990s he was Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee. He was first elected to the Japanese Diet in 1977, representing the Liberal Democratic Party, and in October 1996 was re-elected to the House of Representatives for a sixth consecutive term.
Abdul Moyeen Khan was Bangladesh’s Minister of State for Planning, 1993-6, and is currently a member of the opposition Nationalist Party in the Jatiya Sangsad, the Parliament, having been elected first in 1991. He was a Professor of Physics at Dhaka University, having studied at the University of Dhaka (Bangladesh), University of Stockholm (Sweden) and Oxford University (UK). Dr Khan was founding Director of the Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies, and editor of the Bangladesh Environment Newsletter. He was a member of the Dhaka University Senate, 1991-5.
Lena Klevenås has been a member of the Swedish Parliament since 1991, representing the Social Democrat Party. She served on the Foreign Affairs Committee (1994-6), and is currently on the Committees on Agriculture and Cultural Affairs. She is also Chairman of the Parliamentary Human Rights Group, and is on the Swedish Board of the Inter-Parliamentary Union. Before entering politics she was a teacher.
Andrei Vladimirovich Kozyrev was Foreign Minister of the first democratic Russian Federation within the Soviet Union, 1990-91, and of the independent Russian Federation, 1991-6. He is currently a member of the Russian Parliament, the State Duma, representing the Northern Murmansk region. Before his political appointments, Dr Kozyrev served in the Soviet foreign service, his last position being Director of the International Organizations Department. He is the author of Transfiguration, advocating political and economic reform in Russia, and has written extensively on international affairs.
David Lange was Prime Minister of New Zealand, 1984-9. He qualified in law from the University of Auckland and practised as a barrister before entering the NZ House of Representatives in 1977, becoming Leader of the NZ Labour Party in opposition in 1981. Mr Lange has written several books, including Nuclear-Free, The New Zealand Way (1990). He remained a member of the NZ Parliament until October 1996.
Michael Marshall was a Conservative Member of Parliament of the House of Commons in the United Kingdom, 1974-97. He was an Industry Minister in Mrs Thatcher’s first Administration. Sir Michael also served as President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, Geneva, 1991-4.
Charity Kaluki Ngilu is a member of the National Assembly of Kenya, having been first elected in 1992, representing the Democratic Party. Since 1989 she has been a leader of the Maenbeleo ya Wanawake organization, the national women’s movement. Before entering politics she was managing-director of a food-manufacturing company in Nairobi. Ms Ngilu, who is a mother of three, was the Social Democratic candidate for the Presidency of Kenya in the 1997 elections.
Gwyn Prins, a national of the United Kingdom, was for twenty years a Fellow, and Director of Studies in History, at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He was also Founder and Director of the Global Security Programme at the University of Cambridge, 1989-97. He is currently Senior Research Fellow at the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House, London), Visiting Senior Fellow at the British Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (Farnborough) and Senior Fellow in the Office of the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General of NATO (Brussels). Dr Prins is editor of Threats Without Enemies (1993), and author of Top Guns and Toxic Whales (1991).
Qian Yi is a member of the China’s Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress. She serves on the Standing Committee’s Natural Resources and Environment Commission. Dr Qian is Professor of Environmental Engineering at Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. She is a member of the China Academy of Engineering, Director of the State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and Vice-President of the World Federation of Engineering Organization.
Shridath (Sonny) Ramphal is Co-Chairman of the Commission on Global Governance. He was Commonwealth Secretary-General, 1975-90, having earlier served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Guyana. Sir Shridath is chief negotiator for the Caribbean on regional economic issues. He is Chairman of the International Steering Committee of LEAD (the international programme for Leadership in Environment and Development), of the Board of International IDEA (the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance), and of the International Advisory Board of the Future Generations Alliance Foundation. He is Chancellor of the University of the West Indies and of the University of Warwick in Britain. A member of the Commission on the Prevention of Deadly Conflict, Sir Shridath chaired the West Indian Commission and served on each of the international commissions that reported on global issues in the 1980s. He was President of the World Conservation Union (IUCN), 1990-93. Among his many books, Our Country, The Planet (1992) was written for the Rio ‘Earth Summit’.
Margaret Reynolds was Australia’s Minister of Local Government, 1987-90, and Minister for the Status of Women, 1988-90. She is an elected member of the Australian Senate, representing the Australian Labor Party for Queensland since 1983. In 1992 she was appointed as Federal Government Representative on the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation, in which capacity she was directly involved in the development of native title legislation following the landmark ‘Mabo’ decision. Her book The Last Bastion (1995) chronicles the contribution by social democratic women to policy development in Australian parliaments during the twentieth century.
Francesco Rutelli is the first directly-elected mayor of Rome (1993). In 1983 he entered the lower chamber of the Italian Parliament, the Camera dei Deputati, representing the Partito Radicale. He was re-elected in 1987, and again in 1992 as leader of the Greens, serving in both terms as chairman of the Human Rights Committee. In 1993 he was appointed Minister for the Environment and Urban Areas in the Ciampi Government but resigned after one day in office in protest over a policy issue. Mr Rutelli is Chairman of both the Commission for Urban Policies of the Committee for the Regions in Brussels and the National Council of the Association of Italian Municipalities. In December 1997 he was re-elected for a second term as mayor.
Theo Sambuaga is Indonesia’s State Minister for Housing and Human Settlements in the Habibie cabinet, having recently been chairman of the Golkar Faction (majority leader of the house). He was first elected to parliament in 1982 and has served on the Foreign Affairs and defence Commission. He has also been Chairman of the Committee for Political Matters, International Security and Disarmament of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, Geneva. Mr Sambuaga graduated from the University of Indonesia and the Paul Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC.
Claudine Schneider served Rhode Island as US Congresswoman, in the House of Representatives, 1980-90, and was Republican candidate in the congressional elections for the US Senate in 1994. After her congressional career Ms Schneider was Director of the Artemis Project in Washington, DC, devoted to the relationship between modern lifestyles, sustainable development and the global environment. She has been a Fellow at Harvard University’s Institute of Politics, teaching leadership and public policy. She is co-recipient of an Emmy Award for an ABC television series, has also co-anchored CNN, and had guest appearances on ABC, NBC and CBS television channels in the United States. She is currently employed with Land and Water Fund of the Rockies, Boulder, Colorado.
Ibrahim Hussain Zaki is Minister of Tourism and Deputy Foreign Minister of the Republic of Maldives. He has been a Member of Parliament, representing the Ari Atoll constituency since 1994. He served as Secretary-General of SAARC (the South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation), 1992-3. Before entering politics, Dr Zaki was his country’s Secretary of Foreign Affairs.